Every day,animals face 每天,动物都会面对
the single greatest challenge of their lives 他们生活中最大的挑战
survive or die. 生存或死亡.
They've got to outwit predators 他们必须智胜掠食者
find or catch food 寻找或捕捉食物
and then raise the next generation. 然后培养下一代.
The stakes couldn't be higher. 赌注再高不过了.
In the face of all this, 面对这一切,
how on earth can animals increase their chances? 动物究竟如何增加机会？
Would they lie,cheat,or steal from one another 他们会撒谎,欺骗,还是偷别人的东西
just to survive? 只是为了生存？
Of course they would. 他们当然会的.
Meet the planet's greatest animal hustlers 见见地球上最伟大的动物骗子
the con artists,impersonators,and thieves, 骗子、冒名顶替者和小偷,
animals that will do whatever it takes to survive. 为了生存不惜一切代价的动物.
Zebras are one of the most iconic and stunning animals 斑马是最具代表性和令人惊叹的动物之一
found on the plains of Africa. 产于非洲平原.
Instantly recognizable, 一眼就能认出,
with their bold,contrasting stripes. 他们大胆的,对比鲜明的条纹.
But they have a big problem. 但他们有个大问题.
They're surrounded by predators. 它们被捕食者包围着.
Out here,there's nowhere to hide, 在这里,没有地方可藏,
and the zebras have no physical protection. 斑马没有人身保护.
Believe it or not,zebras rely,depend upon 信不信由你,斑马依靠,依靠
their bold stripes to keep them safe from their enemies. 他们大胆的条纹让他们远离敌人.
But for decades,no one could explain 但几十年来,没人能解释
how these bold patterns were putting off predators. 这些大胆的模式是如何阻止捕食者的.
Only now have we discovered 直到现在我们才发现
how these sensational stripes might work. 这些耸人听闻的条纹是如何工作的.
And the first clue is in the colors,themselves. 第一个线索是颜色本身.
Black and white are the two most contrasting colors. 黑色和白色是两种对比度最高的颜色.
When combined,they play tricks on the mind. 当它们结合在一起时,它们会在大脑上耍花招.
These horizontal lines look all uneven,right? 这些水平线看起来都不均匀,对吧？
but slide the colors together,and the illusion is blown. 但是把这些颜色放在一起,幻觉就破灭了.
Black-and-white patterns can confuse our vision. 黑白图案会混淆我们的视觉.
And they are the two most common colors 它们是最常见的两种颜色
used in optical illusions. 用于视觉幻觉.
Could this help explain 这能解释一下吗
how zebras are evading their predators? 斑马是如何躲避捕食者的？
Well,one man has spent years investigating this. 好吧,有个人花了好几年时间调查这件事.
Dr.Martin How is an expert 马丁博士怎么会是专家
in the way that predators see their prey. 以捕食者看到猎物的方式.
HOW:I've been studying animal vision for a number of years now, 方法:我研究动物视觉已经好几年了,
and I became very interested in how the zebra stripes 我开始对斑马纹很感兴趣
might be affecting the vision of their predators. 可能会影响捕食者的视力.
They've got these very strong stripes, 他们有很强的条纹,
but nobody's really explained convincingly 但没人能给出令人信服的解释
why they're striped. 为什么他们是条纹.
NARRATOR:Martin's got an exciting theory 旁白:马丁有一个令人兴奋的理论
that the bold,contrasting patterns, 大胆对比的图案,
when viewed by predators, 当被捕食者看到时,
could be creating an optical illusion. 可能是在制造错觉.
It's an idea called "motion dazzle." 这是一个叫做“动感炫目”的想法
And we've all noticed it at one time or another. 我们都曾经注意到过.
Take a bike wheel and start turning it. 拿一个自行车轮子开始转动.
Of course,it looks like it's turning clockwise, 当然,它看起来是顺时针旋转的,
but speed it up,and suddenly,something magical happens. 但是加快速度,突然,神奇的事情发生了.
The wheel appears to be moving 轮子好像在移动
in completely the opposite direction. 完全相反的方向.
It's called the wagon-wheel illusion. 这叫做马车轮幻觉.
The faster something rotates, 物体旋转得越快,
the more we struggle to process the movement. 我们越是努力处理这场运动.
Our brains try to simplify what we're seeing, 我们的大脑试图简化我们看到的东西,
but they get the direction wrong. 但他们弄错了方向.
To investigate whether something like this 来调查这样的事情
could be happening with the zebra's monochrome stripes, 可能是斑马的单色条纹,
Martin developed a computer model to analyze footage. 马丁开发了一个计算机模型来分析录像.
HOW:So I'd taken some footage of the zebras 方法:所以我拍了一些斑马的照片
and I ran it through the model 我浏览了一下模型
and this is the output of the model here 这是模型的输出
This is what you can see. 这就是你能看到的.
The strong colors show you where the movement is happening. 强烈的颜色显示运动发生的位置.
And the color itself tells you what direction. 颜色本身告诉你方向.
So the green parts are moving to the right, 所以绿色部分向右移动,
and the red parts are moving to the left. 红色部分向左移动.
What I find most interesting here 我觉得这里最有趣的是什么
is that different parts of the zebra 那是斑马的不同部位吗
light up with very different colors. 用不同的颜色点亮.
So they look like, 所以他们看起来像,
from the perspective of the predator 从捕食者的角度来看
They look like they're moving in the wrong direction. 他们看起来好像走错了方向.
And that,I think,is where the illusion effect 我想,这就是幻觉效果的所在
is really strongest. 真的很强大.
NARRATOR:Let's just be clear on this. 让我们说清楚.
Here we've isolated the two key colors. 这里我们分离了两种主要颜色.
As the zebras are all walking to the right, 因为斑马都往右边走,
the model should only be showing green, 模型应该只显示绿色,
no other colors. 没有其他颜色.
Remarkably,the red we're seeing 值得注意的是,我们看到的红色
is suggesting that a predator would perceive the zebras 是在暗示捕食者会感知斑马
to be moving in completely the opposite direction. 向完全相反的方向移动.
Just like the bike wheel. 就像自行车轮子一样.
Predators must precisely judge 捕食者必须准确判断
the speed and direction of their prey 猎物的速度和方向
in order to make a kill. 为了杀人.
Martin How's research shows that as zebras start moving, Martin How的研究表明当斑马开始移动时,
the stripes create a miraculous and disorienting illusion, 这些条纹创造了一种神奇而令人迷惑的幻觉,
making it harder for the predators 让捕食者更难对付
to hone in on them. 深入了解他们.
In a hunt,every second counts. 在狩猎中,每一秒都很重要.
So this dazzling form of defense could be confusing predators 所以这种令人眼花缭乱的防御方式可能会让捕食者感到困惑
just enough for the zebras to escape 足够让斑马逃走
and live to see another day. 活着就可以看到新的一天.
It's an outstandingly sneaky trick. 这是一个非常狡猾的诡计.
"Motion dazzle" is a brilliant way “动感炫目”是一种绝妙的方式
to confuse hunting predators. 迷惑捕食者.
But animals have other ingenious ways to outwit their enemies. 但是动物还有其他巧妙的方法来智胜它们的敌人.
One creature's cunning ploy 一个生物的诡计
is not to get noticed in the first place. 一开始就不会引起注意.
Dr.Conrad Hoskin is a world expert 康拉德?霍斯金博士是世界专家
on these masters of disguise. 在这些伪装大师身上.
Even for him they can be very hard to spot. 即使对他来说,他们也很难被发现.
HOSKIN:So,this is a northern leaf-tailed gecko. 霍斯金:所以,这是一只北叶尾壁虎.
You may not be able to see it 你可能看不见
'cause it's so incredibly well camouflaged, 因为它伪装得非常好,
but it's right here. 但就在这里.
You can see the head,the body,and that beautiful frilled tail. 你可以看到它的头,身体,还有那美丽的皱褶尾巴.
NARRATOR:Found only in the tropical forests of Australia, 旁白:只在澳大利亚的热带森林中发现,
northern leaf-tails are one of the largest geckos 北叶尾是最大的壁虎之一
on the planet. 在这个星球上.
They feed at night,but it's when they sleep 他们晚上吃东西,但那是睡觉的时候
during the day that they have a big problem. 白天他们有大麻烦.
This forest is alive with hungry eyes 这片森林充满了饥饿的眼睛
all looking to prey on an exposed lizard. 所有人都想捕食暴露在外的蜥蜴.
Our gecko is too big to slip underneath some bark to hide, 我们的壁虎太大了,不能滑到树皮下面藏起来,
so,stuck out on a limb,in broad daylight, 所以,在光天化日下伸出四肢,
it vanishes into thin air. 它消失在稀薄的空气中.
The gecko's disappearing act starts with its skin. 壁虎的消失是从它的皮肤开始的.
It's covered in a series of strongly contrasting patterns. 它被一系列强烈对比的图案所覆盖.
In close-up,they really stand out, 在特写镜头中,他们真的很突出,
but from a distance,they break up 但从远处看,他们分手了
the gecko's body shape and its outline, 壁虎的体型和轮廓,
allowing it to blend seamlessly into any forest background. 允许它无缝地融入任何森林背景.
It's known as "disruptive camouflage." 它被称为“破坏性伪装”
Even their eyes have it. 甚至他们的眼睛也有.
But there are other clues 但还有其他线索
the gecko's predators could pick up on. 壁虎的捕食者会发现.
As this tube demonstrates,any three-dimensional object, 就像这个管子显示的,任何三维物体,
no matter how well camouflaged, 不管伪装得多好,
has the potential to produce a shadow 有可能产生阴影
a dead giveaway to any predator. 给任何捕食者的死赠品.
To combat this,the geckos have loose skin, 为了对抗这种情况,壁虎的皮肤松弛,
which they flatten against the tree 他们把它压扁在树上
when they're trying to hide. 当他们试图隐藏的时候.
To complete their vanishing act, 完成他们的消失行动,
they have subtle fringes all along their skin, 它们的皮肤上都有细小的条纹,
particularly on their tail. 尤其是在它们的尾巴上.
And these help break up their outline 这些有助于打破他们的轮廓
and any sharply defined edges. 以及任何轮廓分明的边缘.
By using these principles, 通过使用这些原则,
animals have perfected the ultimate camouflage. 动物已经完善了终极伪装.
HOSKIN:This camouflage is the result of millions of years of evolution. 霍斯金:这种伪装是数百万年进化的结果.
And it means that this gecko can just sit here 这意味着这只壁虎可以坐在这里
on this tree trunk all through the day 整天都在树干上
and not be seen by predators. 不会被捕食者看到.
It's just amazing. 太神奇了.
I find this as incredible now 我现在觉得不可思议
as the very first time I ever saw one. 这是我第一次见到它.
NARRATOR:The effectiveness, 旁白:有效性,
the sheer beauty of these devious disguises 这些诡异伪装的纯粹美丽
is mind-blowing. 令人心旷神怡.
Just look at these sneaky creatures. 看看这些鬼鬼祟祟的生物.
Can you make this one out? 你能认出这个吗？
It's a dead-leaf butterfly from Malaysia. 这是一只来自马来西亚的死叶蝴蝶.
What about this animal? 这个动物呢？
It's a pygmy seahorse from New Guinea. 它是来自新几内亚的侏儒海马.
And finally,how about the incredible disguise 最后,难以置信的伪装怎么样
of this hooded grasshopper? 这只带帽蚱蜢？
The leaf-tailed gecko's amazing disguise 叶尾壁虎惊人的伪装
lets it sleep undetected by predators. 让它在不被捕食者发现的情况下睡觉.
But what if an animal lived in an environment 但是如果动物生活在一个环境中呢
that varies radically every few feet? 每隔几英尺就有很大的变化？
How could it possibly stay hidden then? 那它怎么可能藏起来呢？
Well,one of nature's hustlers has overcome exactly this 好吧,大自然的一个骗子已经完全克服了这一点
by perfecting its very own invisibility cloak. 通过完善它自己的隐形斗篷.
And what a splendid creature it is. 它是多么美丽的生物啊.
What do you mean you can't see it? 你看不见是什么意思？
It's in the middle.There,amongst the seaweed. 它在中间.在那里,在海藻中间.
Meet the cuttlefish. 见见乌贼.
Unfortunately for them, 不幸的是,
they are one of the most sought-after meals in the ocean. 它们是海洋中最受欢迎的食物之一.
Their bodies have no physical protection, 他们的身体没有人身保护,
so they've come up with a cunning defense. 所以他们想出了一个巧妙的防御方法.
They transform themselves 他们改变了自己
entirely to match their surroundings. 完全与周围环境相匹配.
In his lab in Woods Hole, 在伍兹霍尔的实验室里,
cuttlefish expert Dr.Roger Hanlon 墨鱼专家Roger Hanlon博士
is investigating how they conjure up 正在调查他们是怎么变出来的
these incredible illusions. 这些不可思议的幻觉.
HANLON:We're going to put them on a background. 汉龙:我们要把他们放在背景上.
They'll deploy their pattern. 他们会部署他们的模式.
And then we're going to pull the rug out from under them, 然后我们把地毯从他们下面拉出来,
so to speak,present them with a new background, 可以说,给他们一个新的背景,
and see how fast they change what pattern develops. 看看他们改变什么样的模式发展得有多快.
And immediately,you see the animal reacting, 你马上就反应过来了,
taking in this new visual information, 接受新的视觉信息,
and deploy the next appropriate camouflage pattern. 然后部署下一个合适的伪装模式.
NARRATOR:And it reveals just how quickly they can adapt. 旁白:它揭示了它们适应的速度.
As Roger is discovering, 罗杰发现,
the key to this seemingly supernatural power 这看似超自然力量的钥匙
is in their skin. 在他们的皮肤里.
HANLON:Well,this is truly amazing. 汉龙:嗯,这真是太棒了.
Perhaps some of the most beautiful skin on planet earth. 也许是地球上最美丽的皮肤.
And they need elegant skin because they have to create 他们需要优雅的皮肤因为他们必须创造
these colors and patterns and contrast 这些颜色、图案和对比
to create this camouflage. 来制造这种伪装.
So in the top layer of the skin, 所以在皮肤的顶层,
they have these beautiful pigmented organs. 它们有美丽的色素器官.
We call them chromatophores. 我们称之为色球.
NARRATOR:Chromatophores are tiny packages of different-colored pigment. 旁白:色球是由不同颜色的颜料组成的小包装.
Each individual chromatophore is pulled and stretched 每一个单独的色球被拉和拉伸
by muscles controlled by the brain, 通过大脑控制的肌肉,
turning a dot into a circle of color. 把一个点变成一个彩色的圆圈.
The combined effect of 3 million chromatophores 300万色球的综合效应
and other specialized cells 以及其他特殊细胞
changes the cuttlefish's color and pattern in an instant. 瞬间改变墨鱼的颜色和图案.
This amazing color-changing ability 这种神奇的变色能力
is made even more remarkable by one astonishing fact. 一个惊人的事实使它更加引人注目.
Cuttlefish are colorblind. 墨鱼是色盲.
Yes,that's right. 是的,没错.
They can't even see the colors they're trying to match. 他们甚至看不到他们想要搭配的颜色.
So how on earth do they match their surroundings so perfectly? 那么,它们究竟是如何与周围环境完美匹配的呢？
Well,recently,Roger and his colleagues 最近,罗杰和他的同事
have discovered the cuttlefish's remarkable secret. 发现了乌贼的非凡秘密.
Dotted across their skin 点缀在他们的皮肤上
are specialized cells containing opsin. 是含有视蛋白的特殊细胞.
It's a protein usually found only in eyes. 这是一种通常只在眼睛中发现的蛋白质.
HANLON:So this is a marvelous,strange discovery. 汉龙:所以这是一个奇妙的,奇怪的发现.
They seem to have light-detecting molecules 它们似乎有探测光的分子
distributed in the skin,and these are the same molecules 分布在皮肤上,这些是相同的分子
that are in the retina and the eye. 在视网膜和眼睛里.
NARRATOR:Their skin can sense,possibly even see,color. 旁白:他们的皮肤可以感觉,甚至可以看到颜色.
And then these great illusionists 然后这些伟大的魔术师
have another showstopping trick. 再来一个绝招.
HANLON:The cuttlefish have this morphing skin. 汉龙:墨鱼有这种变形的皮肤.
The skin can actually go from flat to three-dimensional. 皮肤实际上可以从扁平变为三维.
Think ultimate goose bumps in a human,for example. 例如,想想人类的终极鸡皮疙瘩.
No other animal can do this. 没有其他动物能做到这一点.
NARRATOR:The cuttlefish morph and change texture 叙述者:墨鱼变形并改变质地
to match any surroundings. 与周围环境相匹配.
It's an extraordinary ability. 这是一种非凡的能力.
These clever cuttlefish 这些聪明的墨鱼
and their close relatives,octopus, 还有他们的近亲章鱼,
have arguably the most complete shape-shifting vanishing acts 可以说是最完整的变形消失行为
in all of nature. 在自然界中.
And when it comes to playing hide-and-seek with predators, 而当和食肉动物玩捉迷藏游戏时,
the act usually works. 这种行为通常有效.
Being able to blend seamlessly into any background 能够无缝地融入任何背景
is obviously a huge advantage. 显然,这是一个巨大的优势.
But not all predators hunt by sight. 但并不是所有的捕食者都能看到猎物.
Others use smell to track down their prey. 其他人利用气味来追踪猎物.
So how on earth could you hide from them? 你到底怎么能瞒着他们呢？
Our next hustler is the Californian ground squirrel. 我们的下一个骗子是加州地松鼠.
They live in close-knit families in these idyllic rolling hills. 他们住在这些田园诗般起伏的山丘上,家庭关系密切.
But not all is as it seems. 但并不是所有的事情都像看上去的那样.
These endearing little rodents have got a big problem 这些可爱的小老鼠遇到了大麻烦
a constant terrifying threat. 持续不断的可怕威胁.
This is rattler country. 这是响尾蛇国家.
And these deadly serpents hunt by smell, 这些毒蛇靠嗅觉捕猎,
tasting the air 品尝空气
with spine-chilling flicks of their forked tongue. 他们分叉的舌头发出刺骨的颤动.
Once locked onto a squirrel's scent,there's no escape. 一旦发现松鼠的气味,就没法逃脱了.
But fear not. 但不要害怕.
These sneaky squirrels have a devious con 这些狡猾的松鼠有个诡计
to fool the sinister snakes, 为了愚弄邪恶的蛇,
a brilliant way of not being detected in the first place. 一开始就不被发现的绝妙方法.
And key to the con is one of the rattler's old shed skins. 而这个骗局的关键是响尾蛇的一张旧兽皮.
The squirrels start chewing up the skin 松鼠开始啃食皮肤
and then smear the mush all over their bodies. 然后把糊状物涂在他们身上.
They even rub it into the fur of their little pups. 它们甚至把它擦到小狗的皮毛上.
They're ingeniously masking their own scent. 他们巧妙地掩盖了自己的气味.
Now they smell like the snakes instead. 现在它们闻起来像蛇.
It's foiling the principal way 它阻碍了主要道路
the ruthless rattlers hunt them down. 无情的响尾蛇追捕他们.
So completely baffled,the snake gives up. 蛇完全不知所措,放弃了.
And the squirrels are free to go about their business. 松鼠们可以自由地做他们的生意.
All of these animal hustlers use their devious disguises 所有这些卖动物的人都用他们狡猾的伪装
to fool their predators. 愚弄他们的捕食者.
But there's always the risk that their cover could be blown. 但他们的掩护总是有被揭穿的危险.
Even with the very best camouflage, 即使有最好的伪装,
the moment the animal moves,it gives itself away. 动物一移动,它就暴露了自己.
So could there be an even craftier ploy, 所以可能会有更狡猾的策略,
one that could protect a creature around the clock 一个可以全天候保护生物的人
no matter where it went or what it did 不管它去了哪里或做了什么
something all predators would want to avoid all of the time? 所有捕食者都想避免的东西？
Venomous,toxic,or decidedly deadly 有毒的,有毒的,或致命的
many animals use bright warning colors 许多动物使用鲜艳的警告色
to declare the threat that they pose. 宣布他们构成的威胁.
Predators learn to avoid these animals. 捕食者学会避开这些动物.
They know the consequences if they try to eat them. 它们知道如果它们试图吃掉它们的后果.
But sometimes all is not as it seems. 但有时一切都不是表面上看起来的那样.
Two snakes,both displaying classic warning coloration. 两条蛇,都显示出经典的警告色.
One of them is deadly venomous. 其中一个是致命的毒液.
It's an eastern coral snake. 它是一条东方珊瑚蛇.
One bite is almost certainly fatal. 一口几乎肯定是致命的.
Clearly a snake to avoid. 显然是要避开的蛇.
The other snake is a barefaced liar. 另一条蛇是个赤裸裸的骗子.
It's the scarlet kingsnake,and it's absolutely harmless. 它是猩红的金蛇,绝对无害.
The question is,which is which? 问题是,哪个是哪个？
If you had to put your hand into one of these two jars, 如果你不得不把手伸进这两个罐子中的一个,
which would you choose? 你会选哪一个？
This is the scarlet kingsnake,the faker. 这是一条鲜红的金蛇,一个骗子.
In this neck of the woods,it helps to remember a rhyme 在这片树林里,记住一首押韵诗是很有帮助的
that could save your life. 那可以救你的命.
"Red touches yellow could kill a fellow. “红色接触黄色可能会杀死一个人.
Red touches black,friend to Jack." 红碰黑,杰克的朋友.”
And here the red and black bands are touching, 红色和黑色的条纹互相接触,
so this is our harmless kingsnake. 所以这是我们无害的金蛇.
'Round here,this snake is certainly on the menu “在这里,这条蛇肯定在菜单上
for many larger animals,so it's evolved a sneaky tactic. 对于许多体型较大的动物来说,这是一种狡猾的策略.
This is a classic case of imitation. 这是一个典型的模仿案例.
The harmless kingsnake 无害的金蛇
is mimicking the deadly coral snake 在模仿致命的珊瑚蛇
in the hope that predators will fall for the fraud 希望掠夺者会上当受骗
and leave it well alone. 别管它了.
But there are clearly differences 显然有区别,但也有区别
between these two snakes. 在这两条蛇之间.
So why aren't predators getting wise to this con? 那么,为什么捕食者对这个骗局不明智呢？
Unbelievably,this had never been tested in the field 令人难以置信的是,这从未在现场进行过测试
until now. 直到现在.
Professor David Pfennig is an expert 大卫?芬尼教授是个专家
on the kingsnake's masterful mimicry. 关于金蛇高超的模仿.
Earlier in the year, 今年早些时候,
he set out replicas of both snakes in front of camera traps. 他把两条蛇的复制品放在相机陷阱前.
He's investigating how predators really react 他在调查捕食者的真实反应
to these warning colors. 这些警告色.
A few months later,and David's had time to analyze the results. 几个月后,大卫有时间分析结果.
PFENNIG:Firstly,what we saw 首先,我们看到了什么
was we saw a surprising diversity of animal species 我们看到了动物物种的惊人多样性吗
appearing on our videos. 出现在我们的视频里.
Now,the gray foxes and the coyotes 现在,灰狐和土狼
would be predators of these snakes. 会成为这些蛇的掠食者.
The raccoons would probably be,as well. 浣熊可能也是.
When we look at the reactions of these predators to the snakes, 当我们看到这些捕食者对蛇的反应时,
we find that they're treating them 我们发现他们在治疗他们
as if they were real snakes. 好像它们是真蛇一样.
One of the things that we found that's surprising 令人惊讶的是
is that when we look at the reactions 当我们看反应的时候是这样吗
of these predators to these fake snakes, 从这些食肉动物到这些假蛇,
generally,they're not attacking our fake snakes. 一般来说,他们不会攻击我们的假蛇.
They're avoiding them. 他们在躲避他们.
And so that's telling us that,overall, 所以总的说来,
the warning coloration is working. 警告色正在工作.
But when we compare the proportion of attacks 但是当我们比较攻击的比例时
on the coral snakes to the fake kingsnakes, 从珊瑚蛇到假王蛇,
we find,sort of surprisingly, 我们发现,有点奇怪,
that those proportions don't differ. 这些比例没有差别.
And so what that's telling us 这说明了什么
is that not only does the warning coloration work, 不仅仅是警告色起作用,
but the mimicry is working,too. 但这种模仿也在起作用.
So looking like a dangerous species 看起来像个危险物种
is giving these kingsnakes protection. 给了这些王蛇保护.
NARRATOR:So despite not looking exactly the same, 旁白:所以尽管看起来不完全一样,
the kingsnake is still gaining all of the advantage 王蛇仍在获得所有的优势
of its phony warning colors. 它虚假的警告色.
PFENNIG:The reason why that works PFENNIG:为什么这样做有效
is that the coral snake is really,really deadly. 珊瑚蛇真的,真的很致命.
It can kill any of these predators. 它可以杀死任何一个捕食者.
And so presumably, 所以大概,
there's been a very strong selection on these predators 这些掠食者的选择非常强大
to avoid not just the coral snakes 不仅仅是为了躲避珊瑚蛇
but anything that remotely resembles the coral snake. 但任何与珊瑚蛇相似的东西.
So just vaguely looking like it is good enough to get you by. 所以只是模糊地看着它足够好让你过得去.
NARRATOR:Mimicry really is an excellent strategy for survival. 旁白:模仿真的是一个很好的生存策略.
It's a cunning way 这是个狡猾的方法
to protect yourself from predators 24 hours a day. 一天24小时保护自己不受捕食者的伤害.
So it's hardly surprising 所以这并不奇怪
that when one species evolves to be deadly dangerous, 当一个物种进化到致命的危险时,
others have snuck in and copied them. 其他人偷偷溜进来,复制了它们.
Harmless hoverflies copy 无害的苍蝇副本
the warning colors of stinging bees. 刺痛蜜蜂的警告色.
This bushveld lizard mimics the markings of the oogpister, 这只丛林蜥蜴模仿了oogpister的标记,
a tenacious beetle with a formidable defense strategy. 具有强大防御策略的坚韧甲虫.
It sprays out formic acid when it's attacked. 它被攻击时会喷出甲酸.
Targeting the eyes,it can cause temporary blindness 瞄准眼睛,会导致暂时失明
something that would deter even the most persistent predator. 即使是最顽固的捕食者也能阻止它.
All very impressive and certainly worth impersonating. 所有这些都非常令人印象深刻,当然值得模仿.
The little lizard even adopts a silly walk 这只小蜥蜴甚至走得很傻
to perfect the parody. 来完善这个模仿.
But how about this amazing new discovery? 但是这个惊人的新发现呢？
This ball of bright orange fluff 这个亮橙色的绒毛球
is the chick of the elegantly named cinereous mourner. 是一个被优雅地命名为“灰烬哀悼者”的小鸡.
Strangely,it worms around in the nest. 奇怪的是,它在巢里蠕动.
It appears to be impersonating one of these 它似乎在模仿其中一个
a highly noxious caterpillar that has yet to be named. 一种尚未命名的剧毒毛虫.
But looking like it helps the chick to survive. 但看起来它能帮助小鸡生存.
Mimicry isn't always about 模仿并不总是
changing your appearance or even behavior. 改变你的外表甚至行为.
On this deserted property,some unlikely impersonators 在这片荒芜的土地上,一些不太可能的冒名顶替者
use mimicry in a completely different way. 用完全不同的方式模仿.
Burrowing owls. 穴居猫头鹰.
These are not normal owls 这些不是普通的猫头鹰
running around on the ground 在地上跑来跑去
hanging out in the daytime. 白天出去玩.
Oh,and as the name suggests, 哦,正如名字所示,
they live underground in burrows. 他们住在地下洞穴里.
The burrow provides excellent protection 洞穴提供了极好的保护
from any aerial predators,but it doesn't work so well 从任何空中掠食者那里,但效果不太好
when it comes to ground predators. 说到地面掠食者.
In this unusual neighborhood, 在这个不寻常的社区,
a stray dog is a real threat to our young family. 流浪狗对我们这个年轻的家庭是个真正的威胁.
So,to deter ground predators like this, 所以,为了阻止这种地面掠食者,
burrowing owls deploy a really sneaky strategy. 穴居猫头鹰采用了一种非常狡猾的策略.
Deep down in the burrow,they make a very unusual sound. 在洞穴深处,它们发出一种非常不寻常的声音.
But what are they imitating? 但是他们在模仿什么呢？
Rattlesnakes are highly venomous and known for their aggression. 响尾蛇毒性很强,以好斗著称.
The famous rattle is a warning. 著名的拨浪鼓是一个警告.
"Steer well clear,or I'll bite." “小心点,不然我就咬人.”
And like our owls,they also hide down in burrows. 像我们的猫头鹰一样,它们也躲在洞穴里.
So that's what the owls sound like. 这就是猫头鹰的声音.
If they can accurately impersonate an angry rattlesnake 如果他们能准确地模仿一条愤怒的响尾蛇
deep in a dark burrow, 在黑暗的洞穴深处,
then no predator in its right mind is going to bother them. 那么没有一个头脑正常的捕食者会打扰他们.
But does it work? 但它有效吗？
Does this copycat call really fool other animals? 这个模仿的叫法真的愚弄了其他动物吗？
If you've been following our story 如果你一直在关注我们的故事
then you'll remember 那你会记得的
that these Californian ground squirrels 这些加州地松鼠
live in constant fear of rattlesnakes, 生活在对响尾蛇的恐惧中,
and rightly so 当然如此
because out here, 因为在这里,
70% of the rattlesnake's diet is squirrel. 响尾蛇70%的食物是松鼠.
Their lives utterly depend upon being able to recognize 他们的生活完全取决于他们是否能认出
a rattlesnake's rattle. 响尾蛇的响尾蛇.
They are the perfect test subject. 他们是完美的测试对象.
The plucky,little squirrels have an audacious approach 勇敢的小松鼠有一个大胆的方法
to tackling their number-one nemesis. 去对付他们的头号敌人.
Rather than run,they mob the snake, 他们不是逃跑,而是围攻蛇,
waving their tails frantically. 疯狂地摇着尾巴.
It's the squirrel's way of saying, 松鼠是这么说的,
"I've seen you,so don't try anything clever." “我见过你,所以别耍花招了.”
How will they react if they're played 如果被耍了他们会有什么反应
a recording of the owls' impersonations? 猫头鹰模仿的录音？
Immediately,the squirrel wags its tail at the speaker. 松鼠立刻向说话者摇尾巴.
It's convinced there's a snake in the grass. 它确信草丛里有条蛇.
The con has obviously worked. 这个骗局显然奏效了.
And for our young owl family 为了我们年轻的猫头鹰家族
living in a tough urban environment 生活在艰苦的城市环境中
a sneaky trick like this makes it easier to survive. 像这样的诡计更容易生存.
But these scheming owls aren't the only animal 但这些诡计多端的猫头鹰并不是唯一的动物
that alters their calls in a conniving way. 这会以一种纵容的方式改变他们的通话方式.
Found in the jungle forests of Borneo and Sumatra, 发现于婆罗洲和苏门答腊的丛林中,
orangutans live in small family groups. 猩猩生活在小家庭中.
Surprisingly for their size, 令人惊讶的是它们的大小,
they have to be wary of predators. 他们必须提防捕食者.
The young are particularly vulnerable to attacks. 年轻人特别容易受到攻击.
When confronted by any danger, 遇到危险时,
orangutans make a call known as a kiss squeak. 红毛猩猩会发出一种叫“吻吱吱”的叫声.
It acts both as a warning alarm to other orangs 它对其他橘子都起到了警告的作用
and also as a threat to the predator. 同时也是对捕食者的威胁.
A way of saying,"I've seen you,and don't get any closer." 我见过你,别再靠近你了
Naturally,the bigger the orang,the deeper its kiss squeak. 当然,橘子越大,它的吻吱吱声就越深.
In 2009,scientists discovered that some orangs 2009年,科学家发现一些橘子
were being very dishonest with this alarm. 对这个警报很不诚实.
They were using their hands to change and alter the call, 他们用手来改变电话,
as this research footage shows. 正如这段研究录像所显示的.
We all know the principle behind this. 我们都知道这背后的原理.
Place a tube or funnel to your mouth 把管子或漏斗放在嘴里
and suddenly,your voice sounds deeper and louder. 突然间,你的声音越来越大.
Essentially,that's what the orangutans are doing. 从本质上讲,猩猩就是这样做的.
By sounding bigger, 听起来更大,
and therefore more threatening and intimidating, 因此更具威胁性和恐吓性,
the orangs are discouraging any predators 橘子阻止了任何捕食者
protecting themselves, 保护自己,
but more importantly,their vulnerable young. 但更重要的是,他们脆弱的年轻人.
But what if an animal used mimicry 但是如果一个动物使用模仿呢
not to fool its predators, 不是为了愚弄它的捕食者,
but to trick others of its own species? 但是为了欺骗其他同类呢？
Sounds farfetched,but an amazing new discovery 听起来有些牵强,但却是一个惊人的新发现
could well be an example of this. 很可能就是一个例子.
Lions are highly territorial. 狮子有很强的地域性.
Each pride defends a home range, 每一个骄傲都能守住一个本垒,
which they are absolutely dependent upon to survive. 它们绝对依赖于它们生存.
It's the big,aggressive males who guard the territory. 是大块头,好斗的雄性守卫着领地.
The more males in a pride, 骄傲的男人越多,
the bigger an area they can defend. 他们能防守的区域越大.
But right now in Botswana's Okavango delta, 但现在在博茨瓦纳的奥卡万戈三角洲,
there's an extraordinary lion that's rewriting the rules. 有一只非凡的狮子在改写规则.
This is Mmamoriri. 我是Mmamoriri.
A perfectly ordinary male lion, 一只非常普通的雄狮,
complete with a characteristic mane. 有特征性的鬃毛.
Right? 对吗？
Actually,no.Wrong. 事实上,不,错了.
You see,Mmamoriri is a lioness. 你看,Mmamorari是一头母狮.
Despite appearances,she's definitely female. 除了外表,她绝对是女性.
Yet,not only does Mmamoriri look like a male, 然而,Mmamorari不仅看起来像个男性,
she often acts like one. 她经常表现得像一个.
Even her roar is deeper and more masculine. 就连她的吼声也更深沉,更具男子气概.
Right now,there are thought to be 现在,有人认为
five of these maned lionesses in the Okavango delta. 在奥卡万戈三角洲有五头这种鬃狮.
The delta's seasonal flood waters 三角洲的季节性洪水
create a degree of isolation for these lions 为这些狮子创造一定程度的隔离
from other prides in Botswana. 来自博茨瓦纳的其他骄傲.
They probably all have the same genetic mutation, 它们可能都有相同的基因突变,
which has created an imbalance of hormones. 这造成了荷尔蒙的不平衡.
This is mind-blowing stuff,but what are the implications? 这是令人兴奋的东西,但有什么含义呢？
Well,even though she's treated like a lioness by her own pride, 好吧,尽管她被自己的骄傲当作母狮对待,
scientists suspect that because Mmamoriri mimics a male, 科学家们怀疑,因为Mmamorari模仿男性,
rivals would believe that there are more males in her pride 竞争对手会认为她的骄傲中有更多的男性
than there actually are. 比实际情况还要多.
And with more males,the pride can defend a larger territory. 随着男性数量的增加,骄傲可以保卫更大的领地.
If Mmamoriri's pride could increase their home range 如果Mmamorari的骄傲能增加他们的射程
because of this deception, 因为这个骗局,
it would greatly improve their survival chances. 这将大大提高他们的生存机会.
This mutation could even be the start 这种突变甚至可能是开始
of a new and very devious lion strategy. 一个新的非常狡猾的狮子策略.
Evolution is happening right before our eyes 进化就在我们眼前发生
with one of the most iconic animals on the planet. 与地球上最具代表性的动物之一.
Mimicry is a successful survival strategy 模仿是一种成功的生存策略
used by animals the world over. 全世界的动物都用.
Impersonating others has entirely changed 模仿他人已经完全改变了
the way that animals look and even how they behave. 动物的样子,甚至它们的行为.
But what if animals could adapt their behavior 但是如果动物能适应它们的行为呢
and make deliberate,strategic decisions 做出深思熟虑的战略决策
about when and how to trick others? 关于何时如何欺骗别人？
Well,then they could pull off the sneakiest con tricks of all. 好吧,那他们就能搞出最狡猾的骗局了.
One of these animal hustlers lives here, 其中一个卖动物的人住在这里,
in the forests of Panama. 在巴拿马的森林里.
White-faced capuchins. 白脸卷尾猴.
Together,they defend a territory 他们一起保卫一片领土
they depend on to survive. 他们赖以生存.
But other monkey troops are trying to take their turf. 但是其他的猴子部队正在试图夺取他们的地盘.
As a consequence, 因此,
these capuchins are always in conflict. 这些卷尾猴总是有冲突.
Fighting is a dangerous business. 打架是件危险的事.
Injuries are common. 受伤很常见.
In fact,more capuchins are killed by their own kind 事实上,更多的卷尾猴被同类杀死
than by predators. 而不是被捕食者.
But they're fighting for high stakes. 但他们在为高风险而斗争.
Guarding the territory takes teamwork. 守卫领土需要团队合作.
It makes sense for the troop to work together, 军队合作是有道理的,
as they all rely on the territory to survive. 因为他们都依赖这片土地生存.
But what about the individual monkey? 但是那只猴子呢？
It's their duty to help defend the territory, 他们有责任帮助保卫领土,
but this takes time and energy. 但这需要时间和精力.
And there's the distinct possibility 有明显的可能性
of getting seriously injured. 严重受伤.
It's a big dilemma. 这是一个很大的困境.
And it's led to some truly devious tactics. 这导致了一些真正的诡计.
These monkeys are part of a long-term study. 这些猴子是长期研究的一部分.
Leading the research is primatologist Meg Crofoot. 领导这项研究的是灵长类动物学家梅格?克罗夫特.
By playing a neighboring troop's calls to the monkeys, 通过播放邻近部队对猴子的叫声,
she can reveal just how devious they can be. 她才可以揭穿他们的诡计.
CROFOOT:So,we're simulating territorial intrusions 所以,我们在模拟领土入侵
into a group's range. 进入一个团体的范围.
And how an individual responds 以及个人的反应
whether it behaves aggressively and rushes towards the speaker, 不管它是否表现出攻击性并冲向说话人,
or whether it sort of looks at the speaker 或者是看着演讲者
and then chooses to run the other direction. 然后选择往另一个方向跑.
NARRATOR:It's how the different monkeys react that's very interesting. 旁白:不同猴子的反应很有趣.
CROFOOT:And here we go. 克罗夫特:我们开始吧.
NARRATOR:Five monkeys race straight toward the speaker. 旁白:五只猴子直奔演讲者.
They're up for the fight. 他们准备战斗了.
They move to protect their patch against the apparent invaders. 他们行动起来保护自己的领地免受明显的入侵者的侵袭.
But two females are acting rather shiftily. 但有两个女人的行为相当狡猾.
While the others are charging in, 当其他人冲进来的时候,
they're just sitting back. 他们只是坐在后面.
There's no response at all. 根本没有反应.
These two monkeys have cheated their own family. 这两只猴子欺骗了他们自己的家人.
In a social species that's supposed to work together, 在一个本该合作的社会物种中,
this new discovery has surprised everyone. 这一新发现使每个人都感到惊讶.
What Meg has discovered is that some days, 梅格发现有些日子,
these same two females do respond to the recordings 这两个雌性对录音有反应
and rush in to help. 冲进来帮忙.
Another day,a different monkey may cheat the group. 另一天,一只不同的猴子可能会欺骗这群人.
To a lesser and greater extent,they're all up to it, 在不同程度上,他们都能胜任,
so there are definite and devious tactics going on here. 所以这里有明确而迂回的策略.
CROFOOT:So what we've discovered 克罗夫特:那么我们发现了什么
is that there clearly is some individual strategy going on 显然是有一些个人的策略在进行
in whether an individual chooses to participate or to cheat. 个人选择参与还是作弊.
It seems to be an interesting tension 这似乎是一种有趣的紧张气氛
between the likelihood that the group 有可能
is gonna be able to win without you 没有你也能赢
and your own sort of personal desire to avoid risk entirely. 以及你自己完全避免风险的个人愿望.
NARRATOR:These monkeys have weighed the consequences 旁白:这些猴子已经权衡了后果
and decided to cheat the group. 并决定欺骗他们.
It's a huge risk. 这是一个巨大的风险.
After all,it could jeopardize 毕竟,它可能会危及
their own family's long-term survival. 他们自己家族的长期生存.
But for the individual monkey,if it means avoiding injury, 但是对于猴子个体来说,如果这意味着避免伤害,
then their choice pays off. 那么他们的选择就会有回报.
Being able to decide which trick to pull out of the bag and when 能够决定从袋子里拿出什么把戏以及什么时候
is critical to a successful sneaky strategy. 是一个成功的秘密策略的关键.
So what is the ultimate animal hustle? 那么,什么是终极动物的喧嚣？
Well,one creature really will do whatever it takes to survive. 好吧,一个生物真的会不惜一切代价去生存.
Meet the regal horned lizard. 见角质蜥蜴.
Normally,its dinosaur appearance 通常,它的恐龙外形
is enough to protect it from predators. 足以保护它免受捕食者的攻击.
But occasionally,this little lizard 但偶尔,这只小蜥蜴
has to pull off the riskiest hustle of all. 必须完成最危险的任务.
Horned lizards lay eggs and then carefully bury them. 有角蜥蜴产卵,然后小心地把它们埋起来.
This female is now on guard duty. 这女的现在在值守.
Her camouflage keeps her concealed 她的伪装使她隐蔽起来
as she scans the horizon for any potential danger. 当她扫视地平线上是否有潜在的危险.
And what's this? A western patch-nosed snake. 这是什么？西方斑鼻蛇.
That's not good. 那不好.
She stares him down, 她盯着他看,
but she is not the one in danger. 但她不是那个有危险的人.
This is an egg-eating snake. 这是一条吃鸡蛋的蛇.
There's no point in staying hidden now. 现在躲起来没用了.
She needs to protect her brood,so she charges into battle. 她需要保护她的孩子,所以她冲向战场.
Her frenzied attack drives the snake away. 她疯狂的攻击把蛇赶走了.
1-0 to the lizard. 0比1输给了蜥蜴.
And her eggs are safe for now. 她的蛋现在安全了.
Then the tables turn, 然后形势就变了,
and this is when things get really interesting. 这就是事情变得非常有趣的时候.
A coachwhip snake. 马车鞭蛇.
This snake eats lizards,and she knows it. 这条蛇吃蜥蜴,她知道.
First,she tries a simple scam, 首先,她尝试了一个简单的骗局,
puffing herself up to look bigger,more intimidating. 自吹自擂,看起来更大,更吓人.
But this doesn't fool the persistent snake. 但这并不能愚弄这条顽固的蛇.
This is now a matter of life and death. 这是一个生死攸关的问题.
She's forced into pulling the sneakiest strategy of all, 她被迫采取了最狡猾的策略,
her greatest deception. 她最大的欺骗.
She's faked her own death. 她假装自己死了.
If the snake doesn't buy the con, 如果那条蛇不相信这个骗局,
this is going to backfire in a spectacularly bad way. 这将以极其糟糕的方式适得其反.
But snakes never eat dead animals 但是蛇从不吃死动物
unless they've made the kill themselves. 除非是他们自己杀的.
Completely confused,the snake slinks off. 完全糊涂了,蛇溜走了.
A quick peek to check the coast is clear 快速查看一下海岸线就清楚了
and she springs back to life 她又活过来了
and straight back to protecting her brood. 直接回去保护她的孩子.
Faking your own death 假装自己死了
right under the nose of your most dangerous enemy. 就在你最危险的敌人的眼皮底下.
It's an audacious and gutsy strategy. 这是一个大胆而大胆的策略.
Surely,the ultimate hustle to outwit a predator. 当然,这是为了智胜捕食者的终极努力.
All these extraordinarily sneaky animals 所有这些鬼鬼祟祟的动物
have gone to incredible lengths to fool their enemies 为了愚弄他们的敌人
and outwit their predators. 智胜他们的掠食者.
By using deception, 通过欺骗,
they've overcome one of life's greatest challenges 他们克服了人生最大的挑战之一
staying alive. 活着.
But this is just the start of the story. 但这只是故事的开始.
If you're alive,you're bound to be hungry. 如果你还活着,你一定会饿的.
And finding something to eat 找点吃的
requires a whole new level of bait and switch. 需要一个全新的诱饵和转换.
Don't miss a single able on . 不要错过任何一个机会.